Osteomyelitis by Microsporum canis and Staphylococcus spp. in cat (Felis catus) - case report.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus spp and Microsporum canis are zoonotic microorganisms which can cause infections and systemic diseases. The bone infection is usually caused by invasion of pathogen through the hematologic route. Mixed osteomyelitis caused by bacteria and fungi is rare, and to date, there have been no reports of mixed osteomyelitis with Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. CASE PRESENTATION: This essay reports an atypical presentation of mixed osteomyelitis (Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis) in a domestic cat. A 15-month-old female Persian cat was presented to a veterinary service; the main complaint was the appearance of a nodule in the mandibular ventral rostral region. A radiographic exam performed on the animal showed proliferative and osteolytic bone lesions. The patient was submitted to a biopsy for histopathological evaluation, along with bacterial and fungal cultures. Results showed mixed osteomyelitis by Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. Microbial Sensitivity Test was performed to choose a more suitable treatment. Two surgical procedures were executed to resect and curette the lesion, and treatments with anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and antifungal drugs were established, showing a positive clinical evolution. After 8 months of treatment, the patient's owner moved to a different city, and the animal was seen by other veterinarians, who followed along with the same treatment. However, due to complications and a diminishing quality of life over 4 years of diagnosis, the patient was euthanized. CONCLUSION: Given the above, mixed osteomyelitis is difficult to treat and can cause losses of life quality resulting death, especially in infections where M. canis is the agent causing the disease. Bacterial osteomyelitis is more frequently reported. But the lack of investigation of microorganisms other than bacteria, such as fungal cases, may imply in underdiagnosed cases. Treatment of osteomyelitis can be difficult considering the difficulties in isolating the pathological agent, resistance to the drug used, prolonged treatment time, and cost.

Estudo comparativo da diferenciação osteogênica das células tronco mesenquimais da medula óssea e do tecido adiposo de cães adultos / Comparative study of the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue of adult dogs

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o potencial osteogênico das células tronco mesenquimais extraídas da medula óssea (CTM-MO) com as do tecido adiposo (CTM-AD) de cães adultos. As células foram caracterizadas fenotipicamente quanto à expressão de CD29, CD90, CD34 e CD45 e submetidas à diferenciação adipogênica e condrogênica por 21 dias e osteogênica por 7, 14 e 21 dias. Foram constituídos quatro grupos: 1) CTM-MO em meio osteogênico, 2) CTM-MO em meio basal, 3) CTM-AD em meio osteogênico e 4) CTM-AD em meio basal. Aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de diferenciação osteogênica as culturas foram submetidas às avaliações da conversão de MTT em formazan, da atividade da fosfatase alcalina (FA), da síntese de colágeno e de matriz mineralizada, avaliação do número de células por campo e foram quantificados os transcritos gênicos para osterix, sialoproteina óssea (BSP), osteonectina (ON) e osteocalcina (OC). Tanto as células extraídas da medula óssea quanto do tecido adiposo mostraram elevada expressão de marcadores para células tronco e baixa expressão de marcadores de células hematopoiéticas (menor que 2%). Além disso, foram capazes de se diferenciar em osteoblastos, condrócitos e adipócitos. As CTM-AD submetidas à diferenciação osteogênica mostraram maior conversão do MTT em formazan que as CTM-MO, sob mesmas condições aos 7 e 21 dias. O número de células por campo, a atividade da FA, a síntese de colágeno e de matriz mineralizada foram superior nas CTM-AD em diferenciação, em relação às CTM-MO sob as mesmas condições, em todos os tempos estudados. As expressões de osterix, BSP e OC foram predominantemente superiores nas CTM-MO diferenciadas, mas a expressão de ON foi superior nas CTM-AD diferenciadas aos 7, 14 e 21 dias. Conclui-se que as CTM-AD apresentam maior potencial osteogênico que as CTM-MO quando extraídas de cães adultos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from bone marrow (BM-MSC) with those extracted from adipose tissue (AT-MSC) of adult dogs. The cells were phenotypically categorized according to the expression of CD29, CD90, CD34 and CD45, and submitted to adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation for 21 days and osteogenic differentiation for 7, 14 and 21 days. Four groups were formed: BM-MSC in osteogenic medium (1), BM-MSC in basal medium (2), AT-MSC in osteogenic medium (3) and ATMSC in basal medium (4). On days 7, 14 and 21 of osteogenic differentiation, the cultures were submitted to evaluations of MTT conversion in formazan, of alkaline phosphatase activity (AP), of collagen and mineralized matrix synthesis, evaluation of the number of cells per field and there was quantification of the gene transcripts for osterix, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteonectin (ON) and osteocalcin (OC). Both the cells obtained from bone marrow and those from adipose tissue showed high expression of stem cells markers and low expression of hematopoietic cells markers (lower than 2%). Besides, they were able to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. AT-MSC submitted to osteogenic differentiation showed higher MTT conversion in formazan than BM-MSC, under the same conditions on days 7 and 21. The number of cells per field, the AP activity, the collagen and mineralized matrix synthesis were higher in AT-MSC en differentiation, in relation to BM-MSC under the same conditions in all evaluated times. Expressions of osterix, BSP and OC were predominantly higher in differentiated BMMSC, however the expression of ON was higher AT-MSC differentiated on days 7, 14 and 21. In conclusion, AT-MSC present higher osteogenic potential than BM-MSC when extracted from adult dogs.(AU)

Effect of the ionic product of bioglass 60s on osteoblastic activity in canines.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the ionic product (IP) of BG60S on osteoblastic activity. The following media groups were created: DMEM, which is formed by osteoblasts in basal medium; IP DMEM, which is formed by osteoblasts in IP with basal medium; OST, which is formed by osteoblasts in osteogenic medium; and IP OST, which is formed by osteoblasts in IP with osteogenic medium. The osteoblasts were cultivated in an incubator at 37 °C and 5 % CO2 for 7, 14 and 21 days. After each period, the alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, mineralised area per field and expression of osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteonectin (ON) and osteocalcin (OC) were evaluated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. RESULTS: The IP significantly increased the AP activity in the IP DMEM group at 7 and 14 days and reduced the AP activity in the IP OST group at 14 and 21 days relative to their respective controls (DMEM and OST). The groups that received the IP displayed a significant increase in the percentage of mineralised area per field and more advance maturation of the extracellular matrix relative to those that did not receive IP. The IP significantly increased the expression of OSX, BSP and ON in osteoblast cultures maintained in IP DMEM compared with the control (DMEM) for the majority of studied periods. In osteogenic medium, IP also significantly increased OSX, BSP, ON and OC expression compared with the control (OST) for the majority of studied periods. CONCLUSIONS: The IP of BG60S alters the gene expression of canine osteoblasts, favouring the synthesis and mineralisation of the extracellular matrix.

Effects of methylprednisolone, dantrolene, and their combination on experimental spinal cord injury.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate, dantrolene sodium, and their combination on experimental spinal cord injury. We used 25 rats (Rattus norvegicus) that were divided into five groups. The negative control group (NC) consisted of animals without spinal cord trauma. In the groups with spinal cord trauma, the positive control group (PC) was given no treatment, the MS group was treated with methylprednisolone, the MS/DS group was treated with methylprednisolone and dantrolene, and the DS group was treated with dantrolene alone. The animals' motor function was evaluated daily, as measured with the open field test. Eight days after surgery, the animals were euthanized for spinal cord collection. Descriptive morphological evaluation, anti-NeuN immunohistochemistry, TUNEL, and anti-Bax immunofluorescence were performed. There was no significant difference between the PC, MS, MS/DS and DS groups with respect to BBB scores, neuronal and glial staining, or Bax expression (P < 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that methylprednisolone sodium succinate, dantrolene sodium, or the combination of these drugs did not reduce neuronal and glial loss, intrinsic pathway apoptosis, or promote functional recovery.

Comparison of the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow and adipose tissue of young dogs.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to compare the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells extracted from the bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue (AD-MSCs) of young dogs. The following parameters were assessed: dimethyl thiazolyl diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) conversion, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen and mineralised matrix synthesis, and the expressions of osterix, bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OC). RESULTS: MTT conversion was greater in BM-MSCs compared to AD-MSCs after 14 and 21 days of differentiation; ALP activity was greater in differentiated AD-MSCs on day 7; collagen synthesis was greater in BM-MSCs on days 14 and 21; the percentage of mineralized area per field was greater in BM-MSCs compared to AD-MSCs; osterix expression was greater in BM-MSCs in days 14 and 21, and BSP and OC expression levels were greater in BM-MSCs at all the investigation time-points. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the osteogenic potential was greater in BM-MSCs than AD-MSCs when extracted from young dogs.